Linux下rm误删除文件的三种恢复方法

2022-12-02 21:58:46
目录
1.几点建议避免误删2.使用lsof命令恢复1.语法2.参数3.使用3.使用extundelete工具

对于rm,很多人都有惨痛的教训。我也遇到一次,一下午写的程序就被rm掉了,幸好只是一个文件,第二天很快又重新写了一遍。但是很多人可能就不像我这么幸运了。本文收集了一些在Linux下恢复rm删除的文件的方法,给大家作为参考。

1.几点建议避免误删

 首先,最好的方法是避免这个问题,以下是几点建议:

  1、rm>

  2、做好数据备份。

  3、用一些策略避免出错:

  提倡在shell下用 TAB 补全,用脚本执行任务,减少出错的机会。或者编写一个脚本,起名rm,在脚本里将真实的rm改为mv ,将删除的都mv到一个指定的目录里面,定期清理。

  那么rm删除的文件还能恢复吗?

  rm的man里面有如下说法:

  请注意,如果使用 rm 来删除文件,通常仍可以将该文件恢复原状。如果想保证该文件的内容无法还原,请考虑使用 shred。

  所以理论上rm删除的文件是还能恢复的。删掉文件其实只是将指向数据块的索引点(information nodes)释放,只要不被覆盖,数据其实还在硬盘上,关键在于找出索引点,然后将其所指数据块内的数据抓出,再保存到另外的分区。在用rm误删除文件后,我们要做的第一件事就是保证不再向误删文件的分区写数据。

2.使用lsof命令恢复

lsof命令用于查看你进程开打的文件,打开文件的进程,进程打开的端口(TCP、UDP)。找回/恢复删除的文件。是十分方便的系统监视工具,因为lsof命令需要访问核心内存和各种文件,所以需要root用户执行。

在linux环境下,任何事物都以文件的形式存在,通过文件不仅仅可以访问常规数据,还可以访问网络连接和硬件。所以如传输控制协议>

1.语法

lsof(选项)

2.参数

-a:列出打开文件存在的进程; 
-c<进程名>:列出指定进程所打开的文件; 
-g:列出GID号进程详情; 
-d<文件号>:列出占用该文件号的进程; 
+d<目录>:列出目录下被打开的文件; 
+D<目录>:递归列出目录下被打开的文件; 
-n<目录>:列出使用NFS的文件; 
-i<条件>:列出符合条件的进程。(4、6、协议、:端口、 @ip ) 
-p<进程号>:列出指定进程号所打开的文件; 
-u:列出UID号进程详情; 
-h:显示帮助信息; 
-v:显示版本信息。

3.使用

查看

lsof>

shell> lsof -i:22
COMMAND   PID USER   FD   TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
sshd     1939 root    3u  IPv4  12317      0t0  TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
sshd     1939 root    4u  IPv6  12321      0t0  TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
sshd     2790 root    3u  IPv4  15229      0t0  TCP 192.168.178.128:ssh->192.168.178.1:64601 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd     2824 root    3u  IPv4  15528      0t0  TCP 192.168.178.128:ssh->192.168.178.1:64673 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd     2990 root    3u  IPv4  15984      0t0  TCP 192.168.178.128:ssh->192.168.178.1:64686 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd    14695 root    3u  IPv4  39558      0t0  TCP 192.168.178.128:ssh->192.168.178.1:49662 (ESTABLISHED)

lsof输出各列信息的意义如下:

    COMMAND:进程的名称PID:进程标识符USER:进程所有者FD:文件描述符,应用程序通过文件描述符识别该文件。如cwd、txt等TYPE:文件类型,如DIR、REG等DEVICE:指定磁盘的名称SIZE:文件的大小NODE:索引节点(文件在磁盘上的标识)NAME:打开文件的确切名称

    恢复文件

    利用lsof可以恢复一些系统日志,前提是这个进程必须存在。这里就拿最常用的/var/log/messages来举例说明,大家在做测试的时候最好先备份一下。

    #备份
    shell> cp /var/log/message /var/log/message_bac
    shell> lsof |grep /var/log/message
    rsyslogd   1737      root    1w      REG                8,2   5716123     652638 /var/log/messages
    

    进程在运行中,接下来我就把/var/log/messages这个文件删掉

    shell> rm /var/log/messages

    删掉之后,我再来看看这个进程的变化

    shell> lsof |grep /var/log/messages
    rsyslogd   1737      root    1w      REG                8,2   5716123     652638 /var/log/messages (deleted)

    大家看到有变化了吧, 对比两个之后发现多了(deleted)。要找到这个文件在哪还要看看这个

    PID:1737 FD:1 那我们有直接进入/proc/1737/FD/1用ll查看一下

    shell> cd /proc/1737/fd/
    shell> ll
    
    total 0
    lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Dec 23 13:00 0 -> socket:[11442]
    l-wx------ 1 root root 64 Dec 23 13:00 1 -> /var/log/messages (deleted)
    l-wx------ 1 root root 64 Dec 23 13:00 2 -> /var/log/secure
    lr-x------ 1 root root 64 Dec 23 13:00 3 -> /proc/kmsg
    l-wx------ 1 root root 64 Dec 23 13:00 4 -> /var/log/maillog

    看到了1对应/var/log/messages (deleted),看看文件是不是我们要的文件:

    shell> head -5 1
    Nov 14 03:11:11 localhost kernel: imklog 5.8.10, log source = /proc/kmsg started.
    Nov 14 03:11:11 localhost rsyslogd: [origin software="rsyslogd" swVersion="5.8.10" x-pid="1241" x-info="http://www.rsyslog.com"] start
    Nov 14 03:11:11 localhost kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
    Nov 14 03:11:11 localhost kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
    Nov 14 03:11:11 localhost kernel: Linux version 2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 (mockbuild@c6b8.bsys.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-4) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Fri Nov 22 03:15:09 UTC 2013

    对比备份文件:

    shell> head -5 /var/log/message_bac
    Nov 14 03:11:11 localhost kernel: imklog 5.8.10, log source = /proc/kmsg started.
    Nov 14 03:11:11 localhost rsyslogd: [origin software="rsyslogd" swVersion="5.8.10" x-pid="1241" x-info="http://www.rsyslog.com"] start
    Nov 14 03:11:11 localhost kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
    Nov 14 03:11:11 localhost kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
    Nov 14 03:11:11 localhost kernel: Linux version 2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 (mockbuild@c6b8.bsys.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-4) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Fri Nov 22 03:15:09 UTC 2013

    对比发现数据是一样的,恢复

    shell> cat 1 > /var/log/messages

    再次提醒,恢复前提是这个进程必须存在。

    3.使用extundelete工具

    extundelete工具安装

      extundelete下载地址:http://extundelete.sourceforge.net/
      wget https://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/project/extundelete/extundelete/0.2.4/extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2

      解压该文件tar jxvf extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2

      若报这种错误

      [root@docking ~]# tar jxvf extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2 
      tar (child): bzip2:无法 exec: 没有那个文件或目录
      tar (child): Error is not recoverable: exiting now
      tar: Child returned status 2
      tar: Error is not recoverable: exiting now

      则使用yum -y install bzip2进行解决

      [root@docking ~]# tar jxvf extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2 
      extundelete-0.2.4/
      extundelete-0.2.4/acinclude.m4
      extundelete-0.2.4/missing
      extundelete-0.2.4/autogen.sh
      extundelete-0.2.4/aclocal.m4
      extundelete-0.2.4/configure
      extundelete-0.2.4/LICENSE
      extundelete-0.2.4/README
      ...................................................
      cd  extundelete-0.2.4
      ./configure 

      若这步骤报错

      [root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# ./configure 
      Configuring extundelete 0.2.4
      configure: error: in `/root/extundelete-0.2.4':
      configure: error: C++ compiler cannot create executables
      See `config.log' for more details

      则使用yum -y install gcc-c++解决.

      若执行上一步仍然报错,

      [root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# ./configure 
      Configuring extundelete 0.2.4
      configure: error: Can't find ext2fs library

      则使用yum -y install e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel来解决。
      #Ubuntu的解决办法为sudo apt-get install e2fslibs-dev e2fslibs-dev

      不出意外的话到这里应该configure能够顺利完成.

      [root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# ./configure 
      Configuring extundelete 0.2.4
      Writing generated files to disk
      [root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# 

      最后make然后 make install

      [root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# make
      make -s all-recursive
      Making all in src
      extundelete.cc: 在函数‘ext2_ino_t find_inode(ext2_filsys, ext2_filsys, ext2_inode*, std::string, int)'中:
      extundelete.cc:1272:29: 警告:在 {} 内将‘search_flags'从‘int'转换为较窄的类型‘ext2_ino_t {aka unsigned int}' [-Wnarrowing]
          buf, match_name2, priv, 0};
                                   ^
      [root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# make install
      Making install in src
        /usr/bin/install -c extundelete '/usr/local/bin'

      extundelete安装完成.

      扫描误删除的文件:

      使用df -lh查看挂载:

      taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ df -lh
      文件系统        容量  已用  可用 已用% 挂载点
      udev            1.9G     0  1.9G    0% /dev
      tmpfs           387M  1.8M  385M    1% /run
      /dev/sda2        92G   61G   26G   71% /
      tmpfs           1.9G   49M  1.9G    3% /dev/shm
      tmpfs           5.0M  4.0K  5.0M    1% /run/lock
      tmpfs           1.9G     0  1.9G    0% /sys/fs/cgroup
      /dev/sda3       104G   56G   44G   57% /home
      tmpfs           387M   40K  387M    1% /run/user/1000
      /dev/sda4        70G   20G   47G   30% /media/taroballs/d8423f8c-d687-4c03-a7c8-06a7fb57f96d
      /dev/sdb1       6.8G  4.1G  2.8G   60% /media/taroballs/taroballs
      /dev/sr0        4.0G  4.0G     0  100% /media/taroballs/2018-01-16-12-36-00-00
      taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ cd /media/taroballs/taroballs/
      taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$ 

      可以看到,我们的目录/media/taroballs/taroballs
      挂载到/dev/sdb1 这个文件系统中.

      umount我们的挂载盘比如:

      taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ df -lh | grep /dev/sdb1
      /dev/sdb1       6.8G  4.1G  2.8G   60% /media/taroballs/taroballs

      umount这个目录

      taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ umount /media/taroballs/taroballs
      taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ df -lh | grep /dev/sdb1
      taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ 
      #记得删除一定要后umount哦,不然二次写入谁也帮不了你呢。

      通过inode节点恢复

      taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ mkdir recovertest
      taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ cd recovertest/
      taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ 

      执行恢复extundelete /dev/sdb1 --inode 2

      taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$ sudo extundelete /dev/sdb1 --inode 2
      NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored.
      Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded.
      Group: 0
      Contents of inode 2:
       
      .
      .省略N行
       
      File name                                       | Inode number | Deleted status
      .                                                 2
      ..                                                2
      deletetest                                        12             Deleted
      tmppasswd                                            14             Deleted

      通过扫描发现了我们删除的文件夹,现在执行恢复操作。
      (1)恢复单一文件tmppasswd

      taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$  extundelete /dev/sdb1 --restore-file passwd   
      NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored.
      Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded.
      Loading journal descriptors ... 46 descriptors loaded.
      Successfully restored file tmppasswd

      恢复文件是放到了当前目录RECOVERED_FILES。
      查看恢复的文件:

      taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ cat tmppasswd 
      tcpdump:x:172:72::/:/sbin/nologin

      (2)恢复目录deletetest

      extundelete /dev/sdb1 --restore-directory  deletetest
      NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored.
      Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded.
      Loading journal descriptors ... 46 descriptors loaded.
      Searching for recoverable inodes in directory deletetest ... 
      5 recoverable inodes found.
      Looking through the directory structure for deleted files ... 

      (3)恢复所有

      taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ extundelete /dev/sdb1 --restore-all
      NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored.
      Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded.
      Loading journal descriptors ... 46 descriptors loaded.
      Searching for recoverable inodes in directory / ... 
      5 recoverable inodes found.
      Looking through the directory structure for deleted files ... 
      0 recoverable inodes still lost. 
      taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ tree 
      backuptest/
      ├── deletetest
      │   └── innerfolder
      │       └── deletefile.txt
      └── tmppasswd
      
      2 directories, 2 files

      (4)恢复指定inode

      taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ extundelete /dev/sdb1 --restore-inode 14
      NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored.
      Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded.
      Loading journal descriptors ... 46 descriptors loaded.
      taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ cat file.14 
      tcpdump:x:172:72::/:/sbin/nologin
      #注意恢复inode的时候,恢复 出来的文件名和之前不一样,需要单独进行改名。

      最后附上extundelete的用法:

      $ extundelete --help
      Usage: extundelete [options] [--] device-file
      Options:
        --version, -[vV]       Print version and exit successfully.
        --help,                Print this help and exit successfully.
        --superblock           Print contents of superblock in addition to the rest.
                               If no action is specified then this option is implied.
        --journal              Show content of journal.
        --after dtime          Only process entries deleted on or after 'dtime'.
        --before dtime         Only process entries deleted before 'dtime'.
      Actions:
        --inode ino            Show info on inode 'ino'.
        --block blk            Show info on block 'blk'.
        --restore-inode ino[,ino,...]
                               Restore the file(s) with known inode number 'ino'.
                               The restored files are created in ./RECOVERED_FILES
                               with their inode number as extension (ie, file.12345).
        --restore-file 'path'  Will restore file 'path'. 'path' is relative to root
                               of the partition and does not start with a '/'
                               The restored file is created in the current
                               directory as 'RECOVERED_FILES/path'.
        --restore-files 'path' Will restore files which are listed in the file 'path'.
                               Each filename should be in the same format as an option
                               to --restore-file, and there should be one per line.
        --restore-directory 'path'
                               Will restore directory 'path'. 'path' is relative to the
                               root directory of the file system.  The restored
                               directory is created in the output directory as 'path'.
        --restore-all          Attempts to restore everything.
        -j journal             Reads an external journal from the named file.
        -b blocknumber         Uses the backup superblock at blocknumber when opening
                               the file system.
        -B blocksize           Uses blocksize as the block size when opening the file
                               system.  The number should be the number of bytes.
        --log 0                Make the program silent.
        --log filename         Logs all messages to filename.
      --log D1=0,D2=filename   Custom control of log messages with comma-separated
         Examples below:       list of options.  Dn must be one of info, warn, or
         --log info,error      error.  Omission of the '=name' results in messages
         --log warn=0          with the specified level to be logged to the console.
         --log error=filename  If the parameter is '=0', logging for the specified
                               level will be turned off.  If the parameter is
                               '=filename', messages with that level will be written
                               to filename.
         -o directory          Save the recovered files to the named directory.
                               The restored files are created in a directory
                               named 'RECOVERED_FILES/' by default.

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