堆的更详细描述请阅读参考书目。
下面是堆的数据结构，以及插入节点和删除根节点操作。你可以很方便的构建堆，并取出根节点，构成有序数组。
/* By Vamei
Use an big array to implement heap
DECLARE: int heap[MAXSIZE] in calling function
heap[0] : total nodes in the heap
for a node i, its children are i*2 and i*2+1 (if exists)
its parent is i/2 */
void insert(int new, int heap[])
{
int childIdx, parentIdx;
heap[0] = heap[0] + 1;
heap[heap[0]] = new;
/* recover heap property */
percolate_up(heap);
}
static void percolate_up(int heap[]) {
int lightIdx, parentIdx;
lightIdx = heap[0];
parentIdx = lightIdx/2;
/* lightIdx is root? && swap? */
while((parentIdx > 0) && (heap[lightIdx] < heap[parentIdx])) {
/* swap */
swap(heap + lightIdx, heap + parentIdx);
lightIdx = parentIdx;
parentIdx = lightIdx/2;
}
}
int delete_min(int heap[])
{
int min;
if (heap[0] < 1) {
/* delete element from an empty heap */
printf("Error: delete_min from an empty heap.");
exit(1);
}
/* delete root
move the last leaf to the root */
min = heap[1];
swap(heap + 1, heap + heap[0]);
heap[0] -= 1;
/* recover heap property */
percolate_down(heap);
return min;
}
static void percolate_down(int heap[]) {
int heavyIdx;
int childIdx1, childIdx2, minIdx;
int sign; /* state variable, 1: swap; 0: no swap */
heavyIdx = 1;
do {
sign = 0;
childIdx1 = heavyIdx*2;
childIdx2 = childIdx1 + 1;
if (childIdx1 > heap[0]) {
/* both children are null */
break;
}
else if (childIdx2 > heap[0]) {
/* right children is null */
minIdx = childIdx1;
}
else {
minIdx = (heap[childIdx1] < heap[childIdx2]) ?
childIdx1 : childIdx2;
}
if (heap[heavyIdx] > heap[minIdx]) {
/* swap with child */
swap(heap + heavyIdx, heap + minIdx);
heavyIdx = minIdx;
sign = 1;
}
} while(sign == 1);
}
总结
除了上面的算法，还有诸如Bucket Sorting, Radix Sorting涉及。我会在未来实现了相关算法之后，补充到这篇文章中。相关算法的时间复杂度分析可以参考书目中找到。我自己也做了粗糙的分析。如果博客 园能支持数学公式的显示，我就把自己的分析过程贴出来，用于引玉。
上面的各个代码是我自己写的，只进行了很简单的测试。如果有错漏，先谢谢你的指正。
最后，上文中用到的交换函数为：
/* By Vamei */
/* exchange the values pointed by pa and pb*/
void swap(int *pa, int *pb)
{
int tmp;
tmp = *pa;
*pa = *pb;
*pb = tmp;
}
