十一、'==' 和 is 的区别
我的理解是”is”是判断2个对象的身份, ==是判断2个对象的值
In [37]: a = 1
In [38]: b = 1
In [39]: print('a is b', bool(a is b))
('a is b', True)
In [40]: c = 999
In [41]: d = 999
In [42]: print('c is d', bool(c is d))
('c is d', False) # 原因是python的内存管理,缓存了-5 - 256的对象
In [43]: print('256 is 257-1', 256 is 257-1)
('256 is 257-1', True)
In [44]: print('257 is 258-1', 257 is 258 - 1)
('257 is 258-1', False)
In [45]: print('-5 is -6+1', -5 is -6+1)
('-5 is -6+1', True)
In [46]: print('-7 is -6-1', -7 is -6-1)
('-7 is -6-1', False)
In [47]: a = 'hello world!'
In [48]: b = 'hello world!'
In [49]: print('a is b,', a is b)
('a is b,', False) # 很明显 他们没有被缓存,这是2个字段串的对象
In [50]: print('a == b,', a == b)
('a == b,', True) # 但他们的值相同
# But, 有个特例
In [51]: a = float('nan')
In [52]: print('a is a,', a is a)
('a is a,', True)
In [53]: print('a == a,', a == a)
('a == a,', False) # 亮瞎我眼睛了~
十二、浅拷贝和深拷贝
我们在实际开发中都可以向对某列表的对象做修改,但是可能不希望改动原来的列表. 浅拷贝只拷贝父对象，深拷贝还会拷贝对象的内部的子对象
In [65]: list1 = [1, 2]
In [66]: list2 = list1 # 就是个引用, 你操作list2,其实list1的结果也会变
In [67]: list3 = list1[:]
In [69]: import copy
In [70]: list4 = copy.copy(list1) # 他和list3一样 都是浅拷贝
In [71]: id(list1), id(list2), id(list3), id(list4)
Out[71]: (4480620232, 4480620232, 4479667880, 4494894720)
In [72]: list2[0] = 3
In [73]: print('list1:', list1)
('list1:', [3, 2])
In [74]: list3[0] = 4
In [75]: list4[1] = 4
In [76]: print('list1:', list1)
('list1:', [3, 2]) # 对list3和list4操作都没有对list1有影响
# 再看看深拷贝和浅拷贝的区别
In [88]: from copy import copy, deepcopy
In [89]: list1 = [[1], [2]]
In [90]: list2 = copy(list1) # 还是浅拷贝
In [91]: list3 = deepcopy(list1) # 深拷贝
In [92]: id(list1), id(list2), id(list3)
Out[92]: (4494896592, 4495349160, 4494896088)
In [93]: list2[0][0] = 3
In [94]: print('list1:', list1)
('list1:', [[3], [2]]) # 看到了吧 假如你操作其子对象 还是和引用一样 影响了源
In [95]: list3[0][0] = 5
In [96]: print('list1:', list1)
('list1:', [[3], [2]]) # 深拷贝就不会影响
十三、bool其实是int的子类
In [97]: isinstance(True, int)
Out[97]: True
In [98]: True + True
Out[98]: 2
In [99]: 3 * True + True
Out[99]: 4
In [100]: 3 * True - False
Out[100]: 3
In [104]: True << 10
Out[104]: 1024
十五、元组是不是真的不可变?
