Python ORM框架SQLAlchemy学习笔记之数据查询实例

2019-10-06 13:55:30于海丽


>>> for row in session.query(User.name.label('name_label')).all():
...    print(row.name_label)
SELECT users.name AS name_label
FROM users
()

ed
wendy
mary
fred
之前我们看到查询对象实例必须用到实体类的全名(User),假设我们要多次使用这个实体类名作为查询对象(比如表连接操作)query()的参数,则我们可以给它取个“别名”,然后就可以通过别名来传入参数:

>>> from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased
>>> user_alias = aliased(User, name='user_alias')

>>> for row in session.query(user_alias, user_alias.name).all():
...    print row.user_alias
SELECT user_alias.id AS user_alias_id,
        user_alias.name AS user_alias_name,
        user_alias.fullname AS user_alias_fullname,
        user_alias.password AS user_alias_password
FROM users AS user_alias
()

<User('ed','Ed Jones', 'f8s7ccs')>
<User('wendy','Wendy Williams', 'foobar')>
<User('mary','Mary Contrary', 'xxg527')>
<User('fred','Fred Flinstone', 'blah')>
学过MySQL等这类数据库的同学可能知道LIMIT和OFFSET这两个SQL操作,这个能够很方便的帮助我们控制记录的数目和位置,常常被用于数据分页操作,当然这类操作SQLAlchemy的Query对象已经帮我们想好了,而且很简单的可以通过Python数组分片来实现,这个操作常常和ORDER BY一起使用:

>>> for u in session.query(User).order_by(User.id)[1:3]:
...    print u
SELECT users.id AS users_id,
        users.name AS users_name,
        users.fullname AS users_fullname,
        users.password AS users_password
FROM users ORDER BY users.id
LIMIT ? OFFSET ?
(2, 1)

<User('wendy','Wendy Williams', 'foobar')>
<User('mary','Mary Contrary', 'xxg527')>
假如我们需要筛选过滤特定结果,则可以使用filter_by()方法,这个方法使用关键词参数:

>>> for name, in session.query(User.name).
...             filter_by(fullname='Ed Jones'):
...    print name
SELECT users.name AS users_name FROM users
WHERE users.fullname = ?
('Ed Jones',)

ed
或者使用filter()同样能达到目的,不过需要注意的是其使用了更加灵活的类似SQL语句的表达式结构,这意味着你可以在其内部使用Python自身的操作符,比如比较操作:

>>> for name, in session.query(User.name).
...             filter(User.fullname=='Ed Jones'):