rack会在启动时默认加载一些中间件:
def logging_middleware
lambda { |server|
server.server.name =~ /CGI/ || server.options[:quiet] ? nil : [Rack::CommonLogger, $stderr]
}
end
m = Hash.new {|h,k| h[k] = []}
m["deployment"] = [
[Rack::ContentLength],
[Rack::Chunked],
logging_middleware,
[Rack::TempfileReaper]
]
m["development"] = [
[Rack::ContentLength],
[Rack::Chunked],
logging_middleware,
[Rack::ShowExceptions],
[Rack::Lint],
[Rack::TempfileReaper]
]
m
end
包括body长度错误提示访问记录等。
rack有一个Directory的中间件,可以为目录文件生成一个web服务。
使用很简单一句话:
#test.ru run Rack::Directory.new "~/" rackup test.ru
这样就会把home目录下的所有文件、文件夹在浏览器中显示

rails应用中使用rake middleware即可显示所有的middleware(中间件)
** **rake middleware use Rack::Sendfile use ActionDispatch::Static use Rack::Lock use #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x007feef1563b90> use Rack::Runtime use Rack::MethodOverride use ActionDispatch::RequestId use Rails::Rack::Logger use ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions use WebConsole::Middleware use ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions use ActionDispatch::RemoteIp use ActionDispatch::Reloader use ActionDispatch::Callbacks use ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending use ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement use ActiveRecord::QueryCache use ActionDispatch::Cookies use ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore use ActionDispatch::Flash use ActionDispatch::ParamsParser use Rack::Head use Rack::ConditionalGet use Rack::ETag run Fool::Application.routes
rails使用了rack定义的一些中间件,自定义了一些中间件,其中自定义的routes为rack程序,routes 把rails controller的action变为lambda并作为rack程序运行,在rails console里输入
2.2.1 :001 > QuestionsController.action(:new) => #<Proc:0x007fbe482ee0b0@/Users/killman/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.1/gems/actionpack-4.2.1/lib/action_controller/metal.rb:237 (lambda)>
在config/application.rb可添加、删除、修改中间件
config.middleware.use(new_middleware, args)#:把新中间件添加到列表末尾; config.middleware.insert_before(existing_middleware, new_middleware, args)#:在 existing_middleware
之前添加新中间件;
config.middleware.insert_after(existing_middleware, new_middleware, args)#:在 existing_middleware
之后添加新中间件;
config.middleware.swap ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, Lifo::ShowExceptions #替换中间件 config.middleware.delete "Rack::Lock"#删除中间件










